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This day in .....

Discussion in 'Break Room' started by NewsBot, Apr 6, 2008.

  1. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    2 March 1882 – Queen Victoria narrowly escapes an assassination attempt by Roderick McLean in Windsor.

    Roderick McLean

    Redirect to:

    • From a page move: This is a redirect from a page that has been moved (renamed). This page was kept as a redirect to avoid breaking links, both internal and external, that may have been made to the old page name.
     
  2. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    3 March 2005 – Steve Fossett becomes the first person to fly an airplane non-stop around the world solo without refueling.

    Steve Fossett

    James Stephen Fossett (April 22, 1944 – September 3, 2007) was an American businessman and a record-setting aviator, sailor, and adventurer. He was the first person to fly solo nonstop around the world in a balloon and in a fixed-wing aircraft. He made his fortune in the financial services industry and held world records for five nonstop circumnavigations of the Earth: as a long-distance solo balloonist, as a sailor, and as a solo flight fixed-wing aircraft pilot.

    A fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and the Explorers Club, Fossett set more than one hundred records[verification needed] in five different sports, sixty of which still stood at the time of his death. He broke three of the seven absolute world records for fixed-wing aircraft recognized by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, all in his Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer.[1] In 2002, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Aero Club of the UK,[2] and was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 2007.

    Fossett disappeared on September 3, 2007, while flying a light aircraft over the Great Basin Desert, between Nevada and California. Fossett's plane was discovered wrecked in 2008.

    1. ^ Cite error: The named reference RecordsFAI was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ Wilson, Sam; agencies (June 6, 2007). "Profile: Steve Fossett". Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
     
  3. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    4 March 1152 – Frederick I Barbarossa is elected King of the Germans.

    Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor

     
  4. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    5 March 1936 – First flight of Supermarine Spitfire advanced monoplane fighter aircraft in the United Kingdom.

    Supermarine Spitfire

    Audio recording of Spitfire fly-past at the 2011 family day at RAF Halton, Buckinghamshire

    The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft used by the Royal Air Force and other Allied countries before, during, and after World War II. Many variants of the Spitfire were built, from the Mk 1 to the Rolls-Royce Griffon-engined Mk 24 using several wing configurations and guns. It was the only British fighter produced continuously throughout the war. The Spitfire remains popular among enthusiasts; around 70 remain airworthy, and many more are static exhibits in aviation museums throughout the world.

    The Spitfire was designed as a short-range, high-performance interceptor aircraft by R. J. Mitchell, chief designer at Supermarine Aviation Works, which operated as a subsidiary of Vickers-Armstrong from 1928. Mitchell developed the Spitfire's distinctive elliptical wing (designed by Beverley Shenstone) with innovative sunken rivets to have the thinnest possible cross-section, achieving a potential top speed greater than that of several contemporary fighter aircraft, including the Hawker Hurricane. Mitchell continued to refine the design until his death in 1937, whereupon his colleague Joseph Smith took over as chief designer, overseeing the Spitfire's development through many variants.

    During the Battle of Britain (July–October 1940), the public perceived the Spitfire to be the main RAF fighter; however, the more numerous Hurricane shouldered more of the burden of resisting the Luftwaffe. Nevertheless, the Spitfire was generally a better fighter aircraft than the Hurricane. Spitfire units had a lower attrition rate and a higher victory-to-loss ratio than Hurricanes, most likely due to the Spitfire's higher performance. During the battle, Spitfires generally engaged Luftwaffe fighters—mainly Messerschmitt Bf 109E–series aircraft, which were a close match for them.

    After the Battle of Britain, the Spitfire superseded the Hurricane as the principal aircraft of RAF Fighter Command, and it was used in the European, Mediterranean, Pacific, and South-East Asian theatres. Much loved by its pilots, the Spitfire operated in several roles, including interceptor, photo-reconnaissance, fighter-bomber, and trainer, and it continued to do so until the 1950s. The Seafire was an aircraft carrier–based adaptation of the Spitfire, used in the Fleet Air Arm from 1942 until the mid-1950s. The original airframe was designed to be powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine producing 1,030 hp (768 kW). It was strong enough and adaptable enough to use increasingly powerful Merlins, and in later marks, Rolls-Royce Griffon engines producing up to 2,340 hp (1,745 kW). As a result, the Spitfire's performance and capabilities improved over the course of its service life.

    1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Ethell p. 12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ "Ireland Air Force"; Archived 1 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. aeroflight.co. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Ethell p. 117 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
  5. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    6 March 1992 – The Michelangelo computer virus begins to affect computers.

    Michelangelo (computer virus)

    The Michelangelo virus is a computer virus first discovered on 4 February 1991 in Australia.[1] The virus was designed to infect DOS systems, but did not engage the operating system or make any OS calls. Michelangelo, like all boot sector viruses, operated at the BIOS level. Each year, the virus remained dormant until March 6, the birthday of Renaissance artist Michelangelo. There is no reference to the artist in the virus, and it is doubtful that the virus's developer(s) intended a connection between the virus and the artist. The name was chosen by researchers who noticed the coincidence of the activation date. The actual significance of the date to the author is unknown. Michelangelo is a variant of the already endemic Stoned virus.[citation needed]

    On March 6, if the PC is an AT or a PS/2, the virus overwrites the first one hundred sectors of the hard disk with nulls. The virus assumes a geometry of 256 cylinders, 4 heads, 17 sectors per track. Although all the user's data would still be on the hard disk, it would be irretrievable for the average user.[citation needed]

    On hard disks, the virus moves the original master boot record to cylinder 0, head 0, sector 7.

    On floppy disks, if the disk is 360 KB, the virus moves the original boot sector to cylinder 0, head 1, sector 3.

    On other disks, the virus moves the original boot sector to cylinder 0, head 1, sector 14.

    • This is the last directory of the 1.2 MB disks.
    • This is the second-to-last directory of the 1.44 MB disks.
    • The directory does not exist on 720 KB disks.

    Although designed to infect DOS systems, the virus can easily disrupt other operating systems installed on the system since, like many viruses of its era, the Michelangelo infects the master boot record of a hard drive. Once a system became infected, any floppy disk inserted into the system (and written to; in 1992 a PC system could not detect that a floppy had been inserted, so the virus could not infect the floppy until some access to the disk is made) becomes immediately infected as well. And because the virus spends most of its time dormant, activating only on March 6, it is conceivable that an infected computer could go for years without detection – as long as it wasn't booted on that date while infected.

    The virus first came to widespread international attention in January 1992, when it was revealed that a few computer and software manufacturers had accidentally shipped products, for example Intel's LANSpool print server, infected with the virus. Although the infected machines numbered only in the hundreds, the resulting publicity spiraled into "expert" claims, partially led by anti-virus company founder John McAfee,[2][3] of thousands or even millions of computers infected by Michelangelo. However, on March 6, 1992, only 10,000 to 20,000 cases of data loss were reported.[citation needed]

    In subsequent years, users were advised not to run PCs on March 6, waiting until March 7, or else reset the PC date to March 7 at some time on March 5 (to skip March 6). Eventually, the news media lost interest, and the virus was quickly forgotten. Despite the scenario given above, in which an infected computer could evade detection for years, by 1997 no cases were being reported in the wild.[citation needed]

     
  6. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    7 March 1994 – Copyright Law: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that parodies of an original work are generally covered by the doctrine of fair use.

    Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.

    Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 510 U.S. 569 (1994), was a United States Supreme Court copyright law case that established that a commercial parody can qualify as fair use.[1] This case established that the fact that money is made by a work does not make it impossible for fair use to apply; it is merely one of the components of a fair use analysis.[2]

    1. ^ Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 510 U.S. 569 (1994).
    2. ^ "510 U. S. 569 (1994)" (PDF). Library of Congress: 573.
     
  7. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    8 March 1978 – The first radio episode of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, by Douglas Adams, is transmitted on BBC Radio 4.

    The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (radio series)

    The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is a science fiction comedy radio series primarily written by Douglas Adams. It was originally broadcast in the United Kingdom by BBC Radio 4 in 1978, and afterwards the BBC World Service, National Public Radio in the US and CBC Radio in Canada. The series was the first radio comedy programme to be produced in stereo, and was innovative in its use of music and sound effects, winning a number of awards.[1]

    The series follows the adventures of hapless Englishman Arthur Dent and his friend Ford Prefect, an alien who writes for The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, a pan-galactic encyclopaedia and travel guide. After Earth is destroyed in the first episode, Arthur and Ford find themselves aboard a stolen spaceship piloted by Zaphod Beeblebrox (Ford's semi-cousin and Galactic President), depressed robot Marvin, and Trillian, the only other human survivor of Earth's destruction.

    A pilot programme was commissioned in March 1977, and was recorded by the end of the following June. A second series was commissioned in 1979, transmitted in 1980. Episodes of the first series were re-recorded for release on LP records and audio cassettes and Adams adapted the first series into a best-selling novel in 1979. After the 1980 transmissions of the second radio series, a second novel was published and the first series was adapted for television. This was followed by three further novels, a computer game, and various other media.

    Adams considered writing a third radio series to be based on his novel Life, the Universe and Everything in 1993, but the project did not begin until after his death in 2001. Dirk Maggs, with whom Adams had discussed the new series, directed and co-produced the radio adaptation as well as adaptations of the remaining Hitchhiker's Guide novels So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish and Mostly Harmless.[2] These became the third, fourth and fifth radio series, transmitted in 2004 and 2005.[3] A sixth series, adapting Eoin Colfer's sixth part in the "trilogy", And Another Thing... was broadcast in March 2018.

    1. ^ Gaiman, Neil (1988). Don't Panic: the official Hitch-Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy Companion. Pocket Books. p. 45. ISBN 1852860138.
    2. ^ Adams, Douglas. (2005). Dirk Maggs (ed.). The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Scripts: The Tertiary, Quandary and Quintessential Phases. Pan Books. p. xiv. ISBN 0-330-43510-8.
    3. ^ DouglasAdams.se Webchat with Dirk Maggs Archived 18 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine 16 June 2005. Retrieved 5 December 2006.
     
  8. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    9 March 1945 – The Bombing of Tokyo by the United States Army Air Forces begin, one of the most destructive bombing raids in history.

    Bombing of Tokyo

    The Bombing of Tokyo (東京大空襲, Tōkyōdaikūshū) was a series of bombing air raids launched by the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. Known as Operation Meetinghouse, the raids were conducted by the U.S. military on the night of 9-10 March 1945, and was the single most destructive bombing raid in human history.[1] 16 square miles (41 km2; 10,000 acres) of central Tokyo was destroyed, leaving an estimated 100,000 civilians dead and over one million homeless.[1] The atomic bombing of Hiroshima in August 1945, by comparison, resulted in the immediate death of an estimated 70,000 to 150,000 people.

    The U.S. mounted the Doolittle Raid, a seaborne, small-scale air raid on Tokyo in April 1942. Strategic bombing and urban area bombing began in 1944 after the long-range B-29 Superfortress bomber entered service, first deployed from China and thereafter the Mariana Islands. B-29 raids from those islands began on 17 November 1944, and lasted until 15 August 1945, the day of Japanese surrender.[2]

    Over half of Tokyo's industry was spread out among residential and commercial neighborhoods; firebombing cut the city's output in half.[3] Some modern post-war analysts have called the raid a war crime due to the targeting of civilian infrastructure and the ensuing mass loss of civilian life.[4][5]

    1. ^ a b Long, Tony (9 March 2011). "March 9, 1945: Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy". Wired. 1945: In the single deadliest air raid of World War II, 330 American B-29s rain incendiary bombs on Tokyo, touching off a firestorm that kills upwards of 100,000 people, burns a quarter of the city to the ground, and leaves a million homeless.
    2. ^ Craven, Wesley Frank, and James Lea Cate, eds. The Army Air Forces in World War II, Volume Five, the Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki June 1944 to August 1945. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953, page 558.
    3. ^ United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Summary Report (Pacific War), p. 18.
    4. ^ Rauch, Jonathan. "Firebombs Over Tokyo: America's 1945 attack on Japan's capital remains undeservedly obscure alongside Hiroshima and Nagasaki". The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
    5. ^ Carney, Matthew (8 March 2015). "Tokyo WWII firebombing, the single most deadly bombing raid in history, remembered 70 years on". ABC Australia. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
     
  9. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    10 March 1959 – Tibetan uprising: Fearing an abduction attempt by China, 300,000 Tibetans surround the Dalai Lama's palace to prevent his removal.


    1959 Tibetan uprising

    The 1959 Tibetan uprising (also known by other names) began on 10 March 1959, when a revolt erupted in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, which had been under the effective control of the People's Republic of China (PRC) since the Seventeen Point Agreement was reached in 1951.[2] The initial uprising occurred amid general Chinese-Tibetan tensions and a context of confusion, because Tibetan protesters feared that the Chinese government might arrest the 14th Dalai Lama. The protests were also fueled by anti-Chinese sentiment and separatism.[3][4][5][6][7] At first, the uprising mostly consisted of peaceful protests, but clashes quickly erupted and the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) eventually used force to quell the protests. Some of the protesters had captured arms. The last stages of the uprising included heavy fighting, with high civilian and military losses. The 14th Dalai Lama escaped from Lhasa, while the city was fully retaken by Chinese security forces on 23 March 1959. Thousands of Tibetans were killed during the 1959 uprising, but the exact number of deaths is disputed.

    Earlier in 1956, armed conflict between Tibetan guerillas and the PLA started in the Kham and Amdo regions, which had been subjected to socialist reform. The guerrilla warfare later spread to other areas of Tibet and lasted through 1962. Some regard the Xunhua Incident in 1958 as a precursor of the Tibetan uprising.[8][9]

    The annual 10 March anniversary of the uprising is observed by exiled Tibetans as Tibetan Uprising Day and Women's Uprising Day.[10] On 19 January 2009, The PRC-controlled legislature in the Tibet Autonomous Region chose 28 March as the national anniversary of Serfs Emancipation Day. American Tibetologist Warren W. Smith Jr. describes the move as a "counter-propaganda" celebration following the 10 March 2008 unrest in Tibet.[11]


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ Van Schaik 2013, p. 234: "Meanwhile, the crowd outside the Norbulingka was beginning to appoint representatives and a leadership was emerging, drawn from the ordinary people rather than the aristocracy. Sixty of these representatives were invited inside, and the Dalai Lama’s message was relayed to them."
    2. ^ Jian 2006.
    3. ^ Van Schaik 2013, p. 234.
    4. ^ Shakya 1999, pp. 186–191.
    5. ^ Robin 2020, p. 13.
    6. ^ Croddy 2022, p. 687.
    7. ^ Guyot-Réchard 2017, pp. 165, 172.
    8. ^ Li, Jianglin (2016). Tibet in Agony. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-97370-1.
    9. ^ Luo, Siling (22 June 2016). "西藏的秘密战争,究竟发生了什么?(下)". The New York Times (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
    10. ^ Gyatso, His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin (18 November 2011). "The Genesis Of The Tibetan Women's Struggle For Independence". tibetanwomen.org. Tibetan Women’s Association. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    11. ^ Norbu, Jamyang (20 March 2009). "Warren Smith on "Serf Emancipation Day"". Shadow Tibet. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
     
  10. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    11 March 1977 – The 1977 Hanafi Muslim Siege: more than 130 hostages held in Washington, D.C., by Hanafi Muslims are set free after ambassadors from three Islamic nations join negotiations.

    1977 Hanafi Siege

    • From a page move: This is a redirect from a page that has been moved (renamed). This page was kept as a redirect to avoid breaking links, both internal and external, that may have been made to the old page name.
     
  11. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    12 March 1947 – The Truman Doctrine is proclaimed to help stem the spread of Communism.

    Truman Doctrine

    Presidential portrait of U.S. President Harry Truman

    The Truman Doctrine is an American foreign policy that pledges American "support for democracies against authoritarian threats."[1] The doctrine originated with the primary goal of countering the growth of the Soviet bloc during the Cold War. It was announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947,[2] and further developed on July 4, 1948, when he pledged to oppose the communist rebellions in Greece and Soviet demands from Turkey. More generally, the Truman Doctrine implied American support for other nations threatened by Moscow. It led to the formation of NATO in 1949. Historians often use Truman's speech to Congress on March 12, 1947 to date the start of the Cold War.[3]

    Truman told Congress that "it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."[4] Truman contended that because totalitarian regimes coerced free peoples, they automatically represented a threat to international peace and the national security of the United States. Truman argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid, they would inevitably fall out of the United States' sphere of influence and into the communist bloc, with grave consequences throughout the region.

    The Truman Doctrine was informally extended to become the basis of American Cold War policy throughout Europe and around the world.[5] It shifted U.S. policy toward the Soviet Union from a wartime alliance to containment of Soviet expansion, as advocated by diplomat George Kennan.

    1. ^ "The Truman Doctrine, 1947". Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute, United States Department of State. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference DM was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ "The Truman Doctrine's Significance". History on the Net. November 10, 2020. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
    4. ^ Michael Beschloss (2006). Our Documents: 100 Milestone Documents From The National Archives. Oxford University Press. pp. 194–199. ISBN 978-0-19-530959-1. Archived from the original on June 30, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
    5. ^ Cite error: The named reference MerrillTruDoct was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
  12. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    13 March 1988 – The Seikan Tunnel, the longest undersea tunnel in the world, opens between Aomori and Hakodate, Japan.

    Seikan Tunnel

    The Seikan Tunnel (Japanese: 青函トンネル, Seikan Tonneru or 青函隧道, Seikan Zuidō) is a 53.85 km (33.46 mi) dual-gauge railway tunnel in Japan, with a 23.3 km (14.5 mi) portion under the seabed of the Tsugaru Strait, which separates Aomori Prefecture on the main Japanese island of Honshu from the northern island of Hokkaido. The track level is about 100 m (330 ft) below the seabed and 240 m (790 ft) below sea level.[2] The tunnel is part of the standard-gauge Hokkaido Shinkansen and the narrow-gauge Kaikyō Line of the Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido)'s Tsugaru-Kaikyō Line. The name Seikan comes from combining the on'yomi readings of the first characters of Aomori (青森), the nearest major city on the Honshu side of the strait, and Hakodate (函館), the nearest major city on the Hokkaido side.

    The Seikan Tunnel is the world's longest undersea tunnel by overall length (the Channel Tunnel, while shorter, has a longer undersea segment).[3] It is also the second-deepest transport tunnel below the sea level after the Ryfylke Tunnel, a road tunnel in Norway which opened in 2019, and the second longest main-line railway tunnel after the Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland, opened in 2016.[4][5][6]

    1. ^ "北海道新幹線、青函トンネル内初の260キロ走行 大型連休の5日間". 19 January 2024.
    2. ^ "Seikan Tunnel Trivia". JR Hokkaido. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
    3. ^ "Turkey Building the World's Deepest Immersed Tube Tunnel". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on 8 August 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
    4. ^ "Project data – raw construction Gotthard Base Tunnel" (PDF). Lucerne, Switzerland: AlpTransit Gotthard AG. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
    5. ^ "Wer hat die grösste Röhre?" [Who has the longest tube?]. Tages-Anzeiger (graphical animation) (in German). Zurich, Switzerland. 14 April 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
    6. ^ "Switzerland Is Opening the World's Longest-Ever Rail Tunnel". Bloomberg.com. 13 May 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
     
  13. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    14 March 2007 – The first World Maths Day was celebrated

    World Maths Day

    World Maths Day (World Math Day in American English) is an online international mathematics competition, powered by Mathletics (a learning platform from 3P Learning, the same organisation behind Reading Eggs and Mathseeds).[1] Smaller elements of the wider Mathletics program effectively power the World Maths Day event.

    The first World Maths Day started in 2007.[2] Despite these origins, the phrases "World Maths Day" and "World Math Day" are trademarks, and not to be confused with other competitions such as the International Mathematical Olympiad or days such as Pi Day. In 2010, World Maths Day created a Guinness World Record for the Largest Online Maths Competition.[3][4]

    The World Maths Day 2024 has been delayed to better align with school calendars across the globe.[5]

    1. ^ "Learn About 3P Learning - 15 Years of Edtech Excellence". 3P Learning. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
    2. ^ "Mathletics Announce World Maths Day 2018". influencing.com. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
    3. ^ "The Largest Online Maths Competition". Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
    4. ^ "Top ten facts about maths". Express. March 6, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
    5. ^ "World Maths Day". 3P Learning. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
     
  14. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    15 March 1985 – The first Internet domain name is registered (symbolics.com).

    Domain name

    An annotated example of a domain name

    In the Internet, a domain name is a string that identifies a realm of administrative autonomy, authority or control. Domain names are often used to identify services provided through the Internet, such as websites, email services and more. Domain names are used in various networking contexts and for application-specific naming and addressing purposes. In general, a domain name identifies a network domain or an Internet Protocol (IP) resource, such as a personal computer used to access the Internet, or a server computer.

    Domain names are formed by the rules and procedures of the Domain Name System (DNS). Any name registered in the DNS is a domain name. Domain names are organized in subordinate levels (subdomains) of the DNS root domain, which is nameless. The first-level set of domain names are the top-level domains (TLDs), including the generic top-level domains (gTLDs), such as the prominent domains com, info, net, edu, and org, and the country code top-level domains (ccTLDs). Below these top-level domains in the DNS hierarchy are the second-level and third-level domain names that are typically open for reservation by end-users who wish to connect local area networks to the Internet, create other publicly accessible Internet resources or run websites. The registration of a second- or third-level domain name is usually administered by a domain name registrar who sell its services to the public.

    A fully qualified domain name (FQDN) is a domain name that is completely specified with all labels in the hierarchy of the DNS, having no parts omitted. Traditionally a FQDN ends in a dot (.) to denote the top of the DNS tree.[1] Labels in the Domain Name System are case-insensitive, and may therefore be written in any desired capitalization method, but most commonly domain names are written in lowercase in technical contexts.[2]

    1. ^ Stevens, W. Richard (1994). TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols. Vol. 1 (1 ed.). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 9780201633467.
    2. ^ Arends, R.; Austein, R.; Larson, M.; Massey, D.; Rose, S. (2005). RFC 4034 – Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions (Technical report). IEFT. doi:10.17487/RFC4034. Archived from the original on 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2015-07-05.
     
  15. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    16 March 1962 – A Flying Tiger Line Super Constellation disappears in the western Pacific Ocean, with all 107 aboard missing and presumed dead.

    Flying Tiger Line Flight 739

    Flying Tiger Line Flight 739 (FT739/FTL739) was a Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation propliner that disappeared on March 16, 1962, over the western Pacific Ocean. The aircraft, which had been chartered by the United States Army, was transporting ninety-six military passengers from Travis Air Force Base in California to Tan Son Nhut International Airport in Saigon, South Vietnam. After refueling at Andersen Air Force Base in Guam, the Super Constellation disappeared while en route to Clark Air Base in the Philippines. All 107 aboard were declared missing and presumed dead.

    The airliner's disappearance prompted one of the largest air and sea searches in the history of the Pacific. Aircraft and surface ships from four branches of the U.S. military searched more than 144,000 square miles (370,000 km2) during the course of eight days. A civilian tanker observed what appeared to be an in-flight explosion believed to be the missing Super Constellation, though no trace of wreckage or debris was ever recovered.

    The Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) determined that, based on the tanker's observations, Flight 739 probably exploded in-flight, though an exact cause could not be determined without examining the remnants of the aircraft. This was the deadliest single-aircraft aviation accident involving the Super Constellation.

     
  16. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    17 March 1973 – The Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph Burst of Joy is taken, depicting a former prisoner of war being reunited with his family, which came to symbolize the end of United States involvement in the Vietnam War.

    Burst of Joy

    The photograph Burst of Joy. From left to right, Lt Col Robert L. Stirm, Lorrie Stirm, Bo Stirm (Robert L. Stirm Jr.), Cindy Stirm, Loretta Stirm, and Roger Stirm.

    Burst of Joy is a Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph by Associated Press photographer Slava "Sal" Veder, taken on March 17, 1973, at Travis Air Force Base in Solano County, California, United States involving Lt Col Robert L. Stirm and his family.[1][2]

     
  17. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    18 March 1953 – An earthquake hits western Turkey, killing 265 people.

    1953 Yenice-Gönen earthquake

    • From a page move: This is a redirect from a page that has been moved (renamed). This page was kept as a redirect to avoid breaking links, both internal and external, that may have been made to the old page name.
     
  18. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    19 March 1279 – A Mongolian victory at the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China.

    Battle of Yamen

    The Battle of Yamen (Chinese: 厓門戰役), also known as the Battle of Yashan (Chinese: 厓山海戰), was a naval battle which took place in southern China on 19 March 1279. It is considered to be the last stand of the Song dynasty against the invading forces of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. Although outnumbered 10 to 1, the Yuan navy delivered a crushing tactical and strategic victory, destroying the Song.

    Today, the battle site is located in the town of Yamen, in Xinhui County, Jiangmen, Guangdong.

     
  19. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    20 March 990 – Ferdinand Marcos's widow, Imelda Marcos, goes on trial for bribery, embezzlement, and racketeering.

    Imelda Marcos

    Imelda Romuáldez Marcos[4] (locally [ɪˈmelda ˈmaɾkɔs]; born Imelda Remedios Visitación Trinidad Romuáldez; July 2, 1929) is a Filipino politician[5][6] who was First Lady of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986, wielding significant political power after her husband Ferdinand Marcos placed the country under martial law in September 1972.[7][8][9] She is the mother of current president Bongbong Marcos.[10]

    During her husband's 21-year rule, Imelda Marcos ordered the construction of many grandiose architectural projects, using public funds and "in impossibly short order"[11] – a propaganda practice,[12][13] which eventually came to be known as her "edifice complex".[11][14] She and her husband stole billions of pesos[15][16] from the Filipino people,[17][18][19] amassing a personal fortune estimated to have been worth US$5 billion to US$10 billion by the time they were deposed in 1986;[20][21][22] by 2018, about $3.6 billion of this had been recovered by the Philippine government,[23][24] either through compromise deals or sequestration cases.[18][25]

    Marcos and her family gained notoriety for living a lavish lifestyle during a period of economic crisis and civil unrest in the country.[9] She spent much of her time abroad on state visits, extravagant parties, and shopping sprees, and spent much of the State's money on her personal art, jewelry and shoe collections – amassing 3,000 pairs of shoes.[26][27][28] The subject of dozens[29] of court cases around the world,[23] she was eventually convicted of corruption charges in 2018 for her activities during her term as governor of Metro Manila; the case is under appeal.[30][6] She and her husband hold the Guinness World Record for the "Greatest Robbery of a Government",[31][32][33] putting Suharto of neighboring Indonesia at second.

    The People Power Revolution in February 1986 unseated the Marcoses and forced the family into exile in Hawaii.[34] In 1991, President Corazon Aquino allowed the Marcos family to return to the Philippines to face various charges after the 1989 death of Ferdinand.[35][36] Imelda Marcos was elected four times to the House of Representatives of the Philippines,[37] and ran twice for the presidency of the Philippines but failed to garner enough votes.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ Pedrosa 1987, pp. 16–17.
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference CNN20181110 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ "Imelda Marcos posts bail for graft conviction in Philippines". NBC News. Archived from the original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
    4. ^ Lalu, John Gabriel (November 9, 2018). "FULL TEXT: Sandigan ruling on 10 graft cases vs Imelda Marcos". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 3, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
    5. ^ "Imelda Marcos convicted of graft, sentenced to prison". NBC News. Associated Press. November 9, 2018. Archived from the original on November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
    6. ^ a b Gutierrez, Jason (November 9, 2018). "Imelda Marcos Is Sentenced to Decades in Prison for Corruption". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
    7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Sicat2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    8. ^ Bonner, Raymond (1987). Waltzing with a dictator : the Marcoses and the making of American policy (1st ed.). New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-8129-1326-4. OCLC 15016107. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
    9. ^ a b Tully, Shawn (January 9, 2014). "My afternoon with Imelda Marcos". Fortune. Archived from the original on October 18, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
    10. ^ "The Woman Behind the Man". Martial Law Chronicles Project. April 25, 2018. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    11. ^ a b "The Powerful Imelda Marcos". The Washington Post. January 18, 1981. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
    12. ^ Rybczynski, Witold (October 19, 2005). "The political uses of public buildings". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
    13. ^ Cite error: The named reference CCPLicoEdifice was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    14. ^ de Villa, Kathleen (September 16, 2017). "Imelda Marcos and her 'edifice complex'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 11, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
    15. ^ Bueza, Michael (February 28, 2016). "At 30: PCGG by the numbers". Rappler. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
    16. ^ Cite error: The named reference Fischer2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    17. ^ Manapat, Ricardo (1991) Some Are Smarter than Others: The History of Marcos' Crony Capitalism. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
    18. ^ a b Through the Years, PCGG at 30: Recovering Integrity –A Milestone Report (PDF). Manila: Republic of the Philippines Presidential Commission on Good Government. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
    19. ^ Warf, Barney (2018). Handbook on the Geographies of Corruption. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 335. ISBN 9781786434746.
    20. ^ "FALSE: 'No proof' that Marcos couple stole billions from Filipinos". Rappler. November 15, 2018. Archived from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
    21. ^ Tiongson-Mayrina, Karen (September 21, 2017). "The Supreme Court's rulings on the Marcoses' ill-gotten wealth". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
    22. ^ Gerth, Jeff (March 16, 1986). "The Marcos Empire: Gold, Oil, Land and Cash". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
    23. ^ a b Viray, Patricia Lourdes. "Money Trail: The Marcos Billions". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on June 27, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
    24. ^ Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    25. ^ Cite error: The named reference Lustre2016RapplerAfter30YearsWhat was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    26. ^ Chiu, Patricia Denise M. (December 20, 2019). "Imelda asked to yield 896 'ill-gotten' artworks". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 12, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
    27. ^ Ellison 1988, pp. 1–10.
    28. ^ Tantuco, Vernise L (September 21, 2018). "3,000 pairs: The mixed legacy of Imelda Marcos' shoes". Rappler. Archived from the original on November 11, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
    29. ^ "What's the latest on cases vs Imelda Marcos, family?". Rappler. October 25, 2019. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
    30. ^ "Imelda Marcos convicted of graft, sentenced to prison". NBC News. Associated Press. November 9, 2018. Archived from the original on November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
    31. ^ "Greatest robbery of a Government". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
    32. ^ Drogin, Bob (November 4, 1991). "Imelda Marcos Weeps on Return to Philippines". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 21, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
    33. ^ The Guinness Book of World Records 1989. Bantam. March 1989. p. 400. ISBN 978-0-553-27926-9.
    34. ^ Duet for EDSA: Chronology of a Revolution. Manila, Philippines: Foundation for Worldwide People Power. 1995. ISBN 978-9719167006. OCLC 45376088.
    35. ^ Dent, Sydney (November 23, 2012). "A dynasty on steroids". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on May 6, 2022. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
    36. ^ Mydans, Seth (November 4, 1991). "Imelda Marcos Returns to Philippines". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 12, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
    37. ^ Casauay, Angela (May 23, 2013). "Pacquiao, Imelda Marcos wealthiest House members". Rappler. Archived from the original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
     
  20. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    21 March 2006 – The social media site Twitter is founded.

    Twitter

    X, commonly referred to by its former name Twitter, is a social media website based in the United States. With over 500 million users, it is one of the world's largest social networks and the fifth-most visited website in the world.[4][5] Users can share text messages, images, and videos as "posts", commonly still known as "tweets".[6] X also includes direct messaging, video and audio calling, bookmarks, lists and communities, and Spaces, a social audio feature. Users can vote on context added by approved users using the Community Notes feature.

    The service is owned by the American company X Corp., the successor of Twitter, Inc. Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams, and launched in July of that year. Twitter grew quickly, and by 2012, more than 100 million users produced 340 million tweets per day.[7] Twitter, Inc., was based in San Francisco, California, and had more than 25 offices around the world.[8] A signature characteristic of the service is that posts are required to be brief (originally 140 characters, later expanded to 280 in 2017).[9] The majority of tweets are produced by a minority of users.[10][11] In 2020, it was estimated that approximately 48 million accounts (15% of all accounts) were not genuine people.[12]

    In October 2022, billionaire Elon Musk acquired Twitter for US$44 billion, gaining control of the platform and becoming the chief executive officer (CEO).[13][14][15][16] Since the acquisition, the platform has been criticized for enabling the increased spread of disinformation,[17][18][19] hate speech,[20][21][22] antisemitism,[23][24] homophobia, transphobia[25][26] and child pornography[27] on the platform. Linda Yaccarino succeeded Musk as CEO on June 5, 2023, with Musk remaining as the chairman and the chief technology officer.[28][29][30] In July 2023, Musk announced that Twitter would be rebranded to X and that the bird logo, along with the name Twitter, would be retired.[31][32] Although the service is now called X, the primary domain name 'twitter.com' remains in place as of March 2024, with the 'x.com' URL redirecting to that address. In December 2023, Fidelity estimated the value of the company to be down 71.5 percent from its purchase price.[33]

    1. ^ Ashworth, Louis (July 24, 2023). "The logo of X, formerly Twitter, wasn't actually stolen". Financial Times. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
    2. ^ Musk, Elon Reeve [@elonmusk] (July 24, 2023). "𝕏" (Tweet). Retrieved July 30, 2023 – via Twitter.
    3. ^ Kolodny, Lora (September 18, 2023). "Elon Musk says Twitter, now X, is moving to monthly subscription fees and has 550 million users". CNBC. Archived from the original on September 18, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
    4. ^ "Top Websites Ranking". Similarweb. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
    5. ^ "twitter.com". Similarweb.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
    6. ^ Conger, Kate (August 3, 2023). "So What Do We Call Twitter Now Anyway?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 12, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
    7. ^ "Twitter turns six". Twitter. March 21, 2012. Archived from the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
    8. ^ "Company: "About Twitter"". Archived from the original on April 3, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
    9. ^ Cite error: The named reference Twitter_500 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    10. ^ Carlson, Nicholas (June 2, 2009). "Stunning New Numbers on Who Uses Twitter". Business Insider. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
    11. ^ Wojcik, Stefan; Hughes, Adam (April 24, 2019). "Sizing Up Twitter Users". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
    12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Rodriguez was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    13. ^ Isaac, Mike; Hirsch, Lauren (April 25, 2022). "Musk's deal for Twitter is worth about $44 billion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 26, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
    14. ^ Feiner, Lauren (April 25, 2022). "Twitter accepts Elon Musk's buyout deal". CNBC. Archived from the original on April 26, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
    15. ^ Kay, Grace; Hays, Kali. "Elon Musk is officially Twitter's new owner, and he's firing executives already". Business Insider. Archived from the original on October 28, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
    16. ^ Olmstead, Todd (October 28, 2022). "Twitter Purchased by Elon Musk: A Timeline of How It Happened". WSJ. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
    17. ^ Milmo, Dan (October 9, 2023). "X criticised for enabling spread of Israel-Hamas disinformation". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on October 10, 2023. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
    18. ^ Goswami, Rohan (October 9, 2023). "X, formerly Twitter, amplifies disinformation amid the Israel-Hamas conflict". CNBC. Archived from the original on October 9, 2023. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
    19. ^ Lyngaas, Sean; O'Sullivan, Donie; Duffy, Clare (October 9, 2023). "Elon Musk's X adds to fog of war at outset of Israel-Hamas conflict". CNN. Archived from the original on October 10, 2023. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
    20. ^ Sato, Mia (December 2, 2022). "Hate speech is soaring on Twitter under Elon Musk, report finds". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
    21. ^ "New Data Suggests that Hate Speech is on the Rise on Twitter 2.0". Social Media Today. Archived from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
    22. ^ Frenkel, Sheera; Conger, Kate (December 2, 2022). "Hate Speech's Rise on Twitter Is Unprecedented, Researchers Find". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2023.
    23. ^ Kolodny, Lora (November 16, 2023). "Elon Musk boosts antisemitic tweet, claims ADL and other groups push 'anti-white' messaging". CNBC. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
    24. ^ Gangitano, Alex (November 17, 2023). "White House blasts Elon Musk's 'unacceptable' antisemitic tweet". The Hill. Archived from the original on November 17, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
    25. ^ "Elon Musk promotes anti-trans content as hate speech surges on his far-right platform". The Independent. June 5, 2023. Archived from the original on August 7, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
    26. ^ Yang, Angela (April 18, 2023). "Twitter quietly changes its hateful conduct policy to remove standing protections for its transgender users". NBC News. Archived from the original on April 19, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
    27. ^ "On Musk's Twitter, users looking to sell and trade child sex abuse material are still easily found". NBC News. January 6, 2023. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
    28. ^ Frier, Sarah (June 5, 2023). "Twitter's New CEO Linda Yaccarino Has First Day in the Role". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
    29. ^ Miller, Monica (December 21, 2022). "Elon Musk to quit as Twitter CEO when replacement found". BBC News. Archived from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
    30. ^ "Twitter's New CEO Linda Yaccarino Has First Day in the Role". Bloomberg.com. June 6, 2023. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2023.
    31. ^ Valinsky, Jordan (July 24, 2023). "Twitter X logo: Elon Musk rebrands social media platform". CNN Business. Archived from the original on October 3, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
    32. ^ "Elon Musk reveals rebranding of Twitter as X - and what he wants us to now call a tweet". Sky News. Archived from the original on August 1, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
    33. ^ Primack, Dan (December 31, 2023). "Elon Musk's X gets another valuation cut from Fidelity". Axios. Archived from the original on December 31, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2023.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
  21. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    22 March 1997 – The Comet Hale-Bopp has its closest approach to Earth.

    Comet Hale–Bopp

    Comet Hale–Bopp (formally designated C/1995 O1) is a comet that was one of the most widely observed of the 20th century and one of the brightest seen for many decades.

    Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp discovered Comet Hale–Bopp separately on July 23, 1995, before it became visible to the naked eye. It is difficult to predict the maximum brightness of new comets with any degree of certainty, but Hale–Bopp exceeded most predictions when it passed perihelion on April 1, 1997, reaching about magnitude −1.8. It was visible to the naked eye for a record 18 months, due to its massive nucleus size. This is twice as long as the Great Comet of 1811, the previous record holder. Accordingly, Hale–Bopp was dubbed the great comet of 1997.

    1. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference jpldata was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ a b "JPL SBDB Epoch 1996". Archived from the original on July 30, 2021.
    3. ^ Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp)". Retrieved September 18, 2022. (Solution using the Solar System barycenter. "PR = 8.763E+05 / 365.25 days" = 2399 years)
    4. ^ Syuichi Nakano (February 12, 2008). "OAA computing section circular NK 1553". OAA Computing and Minor Planet Sections. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
    5. ^ Cite error: The named reference MPEC1995-P01 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Marsden1997 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    7. ^ "Solex 10 estimate for Next Perihelion of C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp)". Archived from the original on August 10, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
     
  22. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    23 March 1888 – In England, The Football League, the world's oldest professional Association Football league, meets for the first time.

    The Football League

     
  23. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    24 March 1944 – Ardeatine massacre: German troops murder 335 Italian civilians in Rome.

    Ardeatine massacre

    The Ardeatine massacre, or Fosse Ardeatine massacre (Italian: Eccidio delle Fosse Ardeatine), was a mass killing of 335 civilians and political prisoners carried out in Rome on 24 March 1944 by German occupation troops during the Second World War as a reprisal for the Via Rasella attack in central Rome against the SS Police Regiment Bozen the previous day.

    Subsequently, the Ardeatine Caves site (Fosse Ardeatine)[1] was declared a Memorial Cemetery and National Monument open daily to visitors. Every year, on the anniversary of the slaughter and in the presence of the senior officials of the Italian Republic, a solemn state commemoration is held at the monument in honour of the fallen. Each year, 335 names are called out, a simple roll call of the dead, to reinforce that 335 discrete individuals symbolise a collective entity.[2]

    1. ^ Fosse (plural of fossa – "ditch"), is the Italian word used for "mass gravesite".
    2. ^ Portelli 2003.[page needed]
     
  24. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    25 March 1931 – The Scottsboro Boys are arrested in Alabama and charged with rape.

    Scottsboro Boys

    The Scottsboro Boys, with attorney Samuel Leibowitz, under guard by the state militia, 1932

    The Scottsboro Boys were nine African American male teenagers accused in Alabama of raping two white women in 1931. The landmark set of legal cases from this incident dealt with racism and the right to a fair trial. The cases included a lynch mob before the suspects had been indicted, all-white juries, rushed trials, and disruptive mobs. It is commonly cited as an example of a legal injustice in the United States legal system.

    On March 25, 1931, two dozen people were "hoboing" on a freight train traveling between Chattanooga and Memphis, Tennessee. The hoboes were an equal mix of blacks and whites. A group of white teenage boys saw 18-year-old Haywood Patterson on the train and attempted to push him off, claiming that it was "a white man's train".[1] A group of whites then gathered rocks and attempted to force all of the black teenagers from the train. Patterson and the other black teenagers were able to ward off the group. The humiliated white teenagers jumped or were forced off the train and reported to a nearby train master that they had been attacked by a group of black teenage boys. Shortly thereafter, the police stopped and searched the train at Paint Rock, Alabama and arrested the black teenage boys.[2] Two young white women were also taken to the jail, where they accused the African-American teenage boys of rape. The case was first heard in Scottsboro, Alabama, in three rushed trials, in which the defendants received poor legal representation. All but 13-year-old Roy Wright were convicted of rape and sentenced to death (the common sentence in Alabama at the time for black men convicted of raping white females), even though there was no medical evidence indicating that rape had taken place.[3]

    With help from the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the case was appealed. The Alabama Supreme Court affirmed seven of the eight convictions, and granted 13-year-old Eugene Williams a new trial because he was a minor. Chief Justice John C. Anderson dissented, ruling that the defendants had been denied an impartial jury, fair trial, fair sentencing, and effective counsel. While waiting for their trials, eight of the nine defendants were held in Kilby Prison. The cases were twice appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which led to landmark decisions on the conduct of trials. In Powell v. Alabama (1932), the US Supreme Court ordered new trials.[4]

    The case was first returned to the lower court and the judge allowed a change of venue, moving the retrials to Decatur, Alabama. Judge Horton was appointed. During the retrials, one of the alleged victims admitted to fabricating the rape story and asserted that none of the Scottsboro Boys touched either of the white women. The jury still found the defendants guilty, but the judge set aside the verdict and granted a new trial.

    The judge was replaced and the case retried. The new judge ruled frequently against the defense. For the third time a jury—now with one African-American member—returned a guilty verdict. The case was sent to the US Supreme Court on appeal. It ruled that African Americans had to be included on juries, and ordered retrials.[5] Charges were finally dropped for four of the nine defendants. The other five were convicted and received sentences ranging from 75 years to death. Three served prison sentences. In 1936 one of the Scottsboro Boys, Ozie Powell, was shot in the face and permanently disabled during an altercation with a sheriff's deputy in prison. He later pleaded guilty to assaulting the deputy. Clarence Norris, the oldest defendant and the only one sentenced to death in the final trial, "jumped parole" in 1946 and went into hiding. He was found in 1976 and pardoned by Governor George Wallace. Norris later wrote a book about his experiences. He died in 1989 as the last surviving defendant.

    The individuals involved and the case have been thoroughly analyzed. It is widely considered a legal injustice, highlighted by the state's use of all-white juries. Black Americans in Alabama had been disenfranchised since the Reconstruction era and thus were not allowed on juries because jurors were selected from voter rolls. The case has also been explored in many works of literature, music, theatre, film and television. On November 21, 2013, Alabama's parole board voted to grant posthumous pardons to the three Scottsboro Boys who had not been pardoned or had their convictions overturned.[6]

    1. ^ "Scottsboro: An American Tragedy Transcript". PBS. Archived from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
    2. ^ "A Miscarriage of Justice: The True Story of the Scottsboro Boys". www.sigtheatre.org. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference UMKC-SB_acct was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ Powell v. Alabama, 1932, 287 U.S. 45.
    5. ^ Norris v. Alabama (1935), 294 U.S. 587, 595–596. (PDF)
    6. ^ Bentley, Robert J. (November 21, 2013). "Governor Bentley's Statement on the Pardoning of the Scottsboro Boys". Office of Alabama Governor. Archived from the original on January 17, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
     
  25. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    26 March 1995 – The Schengen Agreement comes into effect.

    Schengen Agreement

    The Schengen Agreement (English: /ˈʃɛŋən/ SHENG-ən, Luxembourgish: [ˈʃæŋən] ) is a treaty which led to the creation of Europe's Schengen Area, in which internal border checks have largely been abolished. It was signed on 14 June 1985, near the town of Schengen, Luxembourg, by five of the ten member states of the then European Economic Community. It proposed measures intended to gradually abolish border checks at the signatories' common borders, including reduced-speed vehicle checks which allowed vehicles to cross borders without stopping, allowing residents in border areas freedom to cross borders away from fixed checkpoints, and the harmonisation of visa policies.[1]

    In 1990, the Agreement[2] was supplemented by the Schengen Convention which proposed the complete abolition of systematic internal border controls and a common visa policy. The Schengen Area operates very much like a single state for international travel purposes with external border controls for travellers entering and exiting the area, and common visas, but with no internal border controls. It currently consists of 27 European countries covering a population of over 400 million people and an area of 4,312,099 square kilometres (1,664,911 sq mi).[3]

    Originally, the Schengen treaties and the rules adopted under them operated independently from the European Union. However, in 1999 they were incorporated into European Union law by the Amsterdam Treaty, while providing opt-outs for the only two EU member states that had remained outside the Area: Ireland and the United Kingdom (which subsequently withdrew from the EU in 2020). Schengen is now a core part of EU law, and all EU member states without an opt-out which have not already joined the Schengen Area are legally obliged to do so when technical requirements have been met. Several non-EU countries are included in the area through special association agreements.[4]

    1. ^ Respectively Articles 2, 6 and 7 of the Schengen Agreement, EUR-Lex; accessed 27 January 2016.
    2. ^ "Schengen Agreement | Schengen Area - All about Schengen | BTW". btwvisas.com. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
    3. ^ Schengen Visa Information. "Schengen Area Countries". Schengen Visa Information. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
    4. ^ Anonymous (6 December 2016). "Schengen Area - Migration and Home Affairs - European Commission". Migration and Home Affairs - European Commission.
     
  26. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    27 March 1915 – Typhoid Mary, the first healthy carrier of disease ever identified in the United States, is put in quarantine, where she would remain for the rest of her life.

    Typhoid Mary

    Redirect to:

    • From a page move: This is a redirect from a page that has been moved (renamed). This page was kept as a redirect to avoid breaking links, both internal and external, that may have been made to the old page name.
    • From a non-neutral name: This is a redirect from a title that contains a non-neutral, pejorative, controversial, or offensive word, phrase, or name. It leads to the target page in accordance with Wikipedia naming conventions for neutrality in page titles and can help writing and searches. Normally, these redirected links should be replaced with links that go directly to the target page.
     
  27. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    28 March 1854 – Crimean War: France and Britain declare war on Russia.

    Crimean War

    The Crimean War[d] was fought from October 1853 to February 1856[6] between the Russian Empire and an ultimately victorious alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia-Piedmont.

    Geopolitical causes of the war included the decline of the Ottoman Empire (the "Eastern Question"), the expansion of the Russian Empire in the preceding Russo-Turkish Wars, and the British and French preference to preserve the Ottoman Empire to maintain the balance of power in the Concert of Europe. The flashpoint was a disagreement over the rights of Christian minorities in Palestine, then part of the Ottoman Empire, with the French promoting the rights of Roman Catholics, and Russia promoting those of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

    The churches worked out their differences with the Ottomans and came to an agreement, but both the French Emperor Napoleon III and the Russian Tsar Nicholas I refused to back down. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that demanded the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate and arranged a compromise to which Nicholas agreed. When the Ottomans demanded changes to the agreement, Nicholas recanted and prepared for war.

    In July 1853, Russian troops occupied the Danubian Principalities[6] (now part of Romania but then under Ottoman suzerainty). On 16 October  [O.S. 4 October] 1853,[7] having obtained promises of support from France and Britain, the Ottomans declared war on Russia.[8] Led by Omar Pasha, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive campaign and stopped the Russian advance at Silistra (now in Bulgaria). A separate action on the fort town of Kars, in the Ottoman Empire, led to a siege, and an Ottoman attempt to reinforce the garrison was destroyed by a Russian fleet at the Battle of Sinop in November 1853.

    Fearing the growth of influence of the Russian Empire, the British and French fleets entered the Black Sea in January 1854.[6] They moved north to Varna in June 1854 and arrived just in time for the Russians to abandon Silistra. In the Baltic, near the Russian capital of Saint Petersburg, an Anglo-French fleet instituted a naval blockade and bottled up the outnumbered Russian Baltic Fleet, causing economic damage to Russia by blockading trade while also forcing the Russians to keep a large army guarding St. Petersburg from a potential allied attack.

    After a minor skirmish at Köstence (now Constanța), the allied commanders decided to attack Russia's main naval base in the Black Sea, Sevastopol, in Crimea. After extended preparations, allied forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and marched their way to a point south of Sevastopol after they had won the Battle of the Alma on 20 September 1854. The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the Battle of Balaclava and were repulsed, but the British Army's forces were seriously depleted as a result. A second Russian counterattack, at Inkerman (November 1854), ended in a stalemate as well.

    By 1855, the Italian Kingdom of Sardinia sent an expeditionary force to Crimea, siding with France, Britain and the Ottoman Empire. The front settled into the Siege of Sevastopol, involving brutal conditions for troops on both sides. Smaller military actions took place in the Caucasus (1853–1855), the White Sea (July–August 1854) and the North Pacific (1854–1855).

    Sevastopol finally fell after eleven months, after the French assaulted Fort Malakoff. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion by the West if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856. France and Britain welcomed the development, owing to the conflict's domestic unpopularity. The Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 March 1856, ended the war. It forbade Russia to base warships in the Black Sea. The Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia became largely independent. Christians in the Ottoman Empire gained a degree of official equality, and the Orthodox Church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute.[9]

    The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts in which military forces used modern technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways and telegraphs.[10] The war was also one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and in photographs. The war quickly became a symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and of mismanagement. The reaction in Britain led to a demand for the professionalisation of medicine, most famously achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering modern nursing while she treated the wounded.

    The Crimean War marked a turning point for the Russian Empire. The war weakened the Imperial Russian Army, drained the treasury and undermined Russia's influence in Europe. The empire would take decades to recover. Russia's humiliation forced its educated elites to identify its problems and recognise the need for fundamental reforms. They saw rapid modernisation as the sole way to recover the empire's status as a European power. The war thus became a catalyst for reforms of Russia's social institutions, including the abolition of serfdom and overhauls in the justice system, local self-government, education and military service.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ Badem 2010, p. 180.
    2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Clodfelter 2017, p. 180.
    3. ^ Зайончковский А. М. Восточная война 1853—1856. — СПб.: Полигон, 2002. — ISBN 5-89173-159-2
    4. ^ Figes 2010, p. 489.
    5. ^ Mara Kozelsky, "The Crimean War, 1853–56." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 13.4 (2012): 903–917 online.
    6. ^ a b c "Crimean War". Encyclopedia Britannica. 27 September 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
    7. ^ "Crimea war of 1853–1856 began – 16 October 1853". Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library.
    8. ^ Kerr, Paul (2000). The Crimean War. Mcmillan. p. 17. ISBN 978-0752272481.
    9. ^ Figes 2010, p. 415.
    10. ^ Royle 2000, Preface.
     
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    29 March 1957 – The New York, Ontario and Western Railway makes its final run, the first major U.S. railroad to be abandoned in its entirety.

    New York, Ontario and Western Railway

    The New York, Ontario and Western Railway, commonly known as the O&W or NYO&W, was a regional railroad founded in 1868. The last train ran from Norwich, New York to Middletown, New York in 1957, after which it was ordered liquidated by a U.S. bankruptcy judge. It was the first notable U.S. railroad with its mainline entirely abandoned.[11]

    The railroad began life as the New York and Oswego Midland Railroad, organized by Dewitt C. Littlejohn of Oswego, NY in 1868. Its mainline extended from Weehawken, New Jersey, across the Hudson River from New York City, to Oswego, New York, a port city on Lake Ontario. It had branch lines to Kingston, Port Jervis, Monticello, Delhi, Utica and Rome, New York and Scranton, Pennsylvania. The part south of Cornwall, New York, was operated over the New York Central Railroad's West Shore Railroad via trackage rights.

    1. ^ Barberio, Douglas. "NYO&W Mileposts, Stations, Towers, Junctions and Telegraph Calls". Ontario & Western Railway Historical Society, Inc. Ontario & Western Railway Historical Society, Inc. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
    2. ^ "NEW YORK, ONTARIO & WESTERN RAILWAY AND CONNECTIONS". Ontario & Western Railway Historical Society, Inc. Ontario & Western Railway Historical Society, Inc. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
    3. ^ "DELAWARE AND HUDSON AND CONNECTIONS". OUR AMERICAN HERITAGE. Richard Parks. 21 April 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
    4. ^ The Matthew-Northrup Works (1918). "MAP OF THE NEW YORK CENTRAL LINES". Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
    5. ^ "THE NEW YORK, NEW HAVEN AND HARTFORD RAILROAD CO., OPERATED AND CONTROLLED LINES". New Haven Railroad. NEW HAVEN RAILROAD HISTORICAL AND TECHNICAL ASSOCIATION, INC. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
    6. ^ Barberio, Douglas. "NYO&W Mileposts, Stations, Towers, Junctions and Telegraph Calls". Ontario & Western Railway Historical Society, Inc. Ontario & Western Railway Historical Society, Inc. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
    7. ^ "NEW YORK, ONTARIO & WESTERN RAILWAY AND CONNECTIONS". Ontario & Western Railway Historical Society, Inc. Ontario & Western Railway Historical Society, Inc. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
    8. ^ "DELAWARE AND HUDSON AND CONNECTIONS". OUR AMERICAN HERITAGE. Richard Parks. 21 April 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
    9. ^ The Matthew-Northrup Works (1918). "MAP OF THE NEW YORK CENTRAL LINES". Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
    10. ^ "THE NEW YORK, NEW HAVEN AND HARTFORD RAILROAD CO., OPERATED AND CONTROLLED LINES". New Haven Railroad. NEW HAVEN RAILROAD HISTORICAL AND TECHNICAL ASSOCIATION, INC. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
    11. ^ Taibi, John R. (29 October 2020). "Remembering the New York, Ontario & Western Railway". Trains Magazine. Kalmbach Media. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
     
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    30 March 1870 – Texas is readmitted to the Union following Reconstruction.

    Reconstruction Era

    Redirect to:

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      • If this redirect is an incorrect capitalisation, then {{R from miscapitalisation}} should be used instead, and pages that use this link should be updated to link directly to the target. Miscapitalisations can be tagged in any namespace.
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    31 March 1985 – The first WrestleMania, the biggest wrestling event from the WWE (then the WWF), takes place in Madison Square Garden in New York.

    WrestleMania

    WrestleMania is a professional wrestling event held annually between mid-March and mid-April by the American company WWE, the world's largest professional wrestling promotion. Since premiering in 1985, 39 events have been held, with its most recent 39th edition occurring at SoFi Stadium in Inglewood, California on April 1 and 2, 2023. WrestleMania was WWE's first-ever pay-per-view (PPV) produced and is the most successful and longest-running professional wrestling event in history. The event has been broadcast through traditional PPV since 1985 and has been available via livestreaming since WrestleMania XXX in 2014, which was WWE's first major event available through this medium. WrestleMania was conceptualized by former WWE executive chairman Vince McMahon and named by ring announcer and WWE Hall of Famer Howard Finkel. It is the company's flagship event and along with Royal Rumble, SummerSlam, Survivor Series, and Money in the Bank, it is referred to as one of the "Big Five", WWE's five biggest annual events of the year.

    The widespread success of WrestleMania helped transform professional wrestling. The annual event has facilitated the rise to stardom of several top WWE wrestlers. Celebrities such as Aretha Franklin, Cyndi Lauper, Muhammad Ali, Mr. T, Mike Tyson, Donald Trump, Floyd Mayweather Jr., Snoop Dogg, Ronda Rousey, Rob Gronkowski, Shaquille O'Neal, and Bad Bunny, among many others, have made special appearances within the events, with some participating in matches. Rousey herself later became a full-time professional wrestler and was one of three women to compete in the first women's match to headline the event at WrestleMania 35 in 2019.

    The first WrestleMania was held in Madison Square Garden in New York City; the 10th and 20th editions were also held there. WrestleMania III in the Detroit suburb of Pontiac, Michigan was the highest-attended indoor sports event in the world, with 93,173 fans in attendance. The record stood until February 14, 2010, when the 2010 NBA All-Star Game broke the indoor sporting event record with an attendance of 108,713 at Cowboys Stadium, since renamed AT&T Stadium, in Arlington, Texas.[1] In 2016, WrestleMania 32 surpassed WrestleMania III as the highest-attended professional wrestling event ever held in America, with 101,763 fans in attendance at AT&T Stadium, although the company revealed that attendance figures are manipulated for marketing purposes through investor calls. All editions of the event have been hosted in North American cities, with 37 in the United States and two in Canada.

    The only WrestleMania in the event's history to not air live and be held without fans in attendance was WrestleMania 36 in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic; it was the first major professional wrestling event to be affected by the pandemic. It was also the first to be held across two nights, with each WrestleMania since becoming two-night events. WrestleMania 37 in 2021 was WWE's first event back with a live crowd, but at a reduced venue capacity before the company resumed live touring with full capacity crowds in July that year.

    1. ^ "East wins in front of biggest crowd to watch hoops game". ESPN. February 14, 2010. Archived from the original on February 18, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
     
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    1 April 1625 – A combined Spanish and Portuguese fleet of 52 ships commences the recapture of Bahia from the Dutch during the Dutch–Portuguese War.

    Recapture of Bahia

    The recapture of Bahia (Spanish: Jornada del Brasil; Portuguese: Jornada dos Vassalos) was a Spanish–Portuguese military expedition in 1625 to retake the city of Bahia (now Salvador) in Brazil from the forces of the Dutch West India Company (WIC).

    In May 1624, Dutch WIC forces under Jacob Willekens captured Salvador Bahia from the Portuguese. Philip IV, king of Spain and Portugal, ordered the assembly of a combined army and naval task force with the objective of recovering the city. The task force, consisting of Spanish and Italian Tercios and Spanish and Portuguese naval units, was commanded by Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Mendoza, who was appointed Captain General of the Army of Brazil. The fleet crossed the Atlantic Ocean, and arrived at Salvador on April 1 of 1625.[9] The town was besieged for several weeks, after which it was recaptured. This resulted in the expulsion of the Dutch from the city and the nearby areas. The city was a strategically important Portuguese base in the struggle against the Dutch for the control of Brazil.

    1. ^ Boxer, Charles Ralph (1952). Salvador de Sá and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola, 1602-1686. University of London. pp. 61.
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Duro2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ Fausto p.41
    4. ^ James p.91
    5. ^ Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Mendoza, Admiral of the Spanish fleet and Captain-General of the Army of Brazil. Letter from Don Fadrique to Philip IV.
    6. ^ a b Duro p.52
    7. ^ a b c Marley p.110
    8. ^ Duro p.53
    9. ^ Marley, David (2008). Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-59884-100-8. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
     
  32. Admin2

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    2 April 1972 – Actor Charlie Chaplin returns to the United States for the first time since being labeled a communist during the Red Scare in the early 1950s.

    Charlie Chaplin

    Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin KBE (16 April 1889 – 25 December 1977) was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film. He became a worldwide icon through his screen persona, the Tramp, and is considered one of the film industry's most important figures. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy.

    Chaplin's childhood in London was one of poverty and hardship. His father was absent and his mother struggled financially—he was sent to a workhouse twice before age nine. When he was 14, his mother was committed to a mental asylum. Chaplin began performing at an early age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor and comedian. At 19, he was signed to the Fred Karno company, which took him to the United States. He was scouted for the film industry and began appearing in 1914 for Keystone Studios. He soon developed the Tramp persona and attracted a large fanbase. He directed his own films and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay, Mutual, and First National corporations. By 1918, he was one of the world's best-known figures.

    In 1919, Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists, which gave him complete control over his films. His first feature-length film was The Kid (1921), followed by A Woman of Paris (1923), The Gold Rush (1925), and The Circus (1928). He initially refused to move to sound films in the 1930s, instead producing City Lights (1931) and Modern Times (1936) without dialogue. His first sound film was The Great Dictator (1940), which satirised Adolf Hitler. The 1940s were marked with controversy for Chaplin, and his popularity declined rapidly. He was accused of communist sympathies, and some members of the press and public were scandalised by his involvement in a paternity suit and marriages to much younger women. An FBI investigation was opened, and Chaplin was forced to leave the U.S. and settle in Switzerland. He abandoned the Tramp in his later films, which include Monsieur Verdoux (1947), Limelight (1952), A King in New York (1957), and A Countess from Hong Kong (1967).

    Chaplin wrote, directed, produced, edited, starred in, and composed the music for most of his films. He was a perfectionist, and his financial independence enabled him to spend years on the development and production of a picture. His films are characterised by slapstick combined with pathos, typified in the Tramp's struggles against adversity. Many contain social and political themes, as well as autobiographical elements. He received an Honorary Academy Award for "the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century" in 1972, as part of a renewed appreciation for his work. He continues to be held in high regard, with The Gold Rush, City Lights, Modern Times, and The Great Dictator often ranked on lists of the greatest films.

     
  33. Admin2

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    3 April 2000 – United States v. Microsoft: Microsoft is ruled to have violated United States antitrust laws by keeping "an oppressive thumb" on its competitors.

    United States v. Microsoft Corp.

    United States of America v. Microsoft Corporation, 253 F.3d 34 (D.C. Cir. 2001), was a landmark American antitrust law case at the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The U.S. government accused Microsoft of illegally monopolizing the web browser market for Windows, primarily through the legal and technical restrictions it put on the abilities of PC manufacturers (OEMs) and users to uninstall Internet Explorer and use other programs such as Netscape and Java.[1]

    At the initial trial, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia ruled that Microsoft's actions constituted unlawful monopolization under Section 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890,[2] but the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit partially overturned that judgment.[1] The two parties later reached a settlement in which Microsoft agreed to modify some of its business practices.[3]

    1. ^ a b United States v. Microsoft Corp., 253 F.3d 34 (D.C. Cir. 2001).
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
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    4 April 1983 – Space Shuttle Challenger makes its maiden voyage into space.

    STS-6

    STS-6 was the sixth NASA Space Shuttle mission and the maiden flight of the Space Shuttle Challenger. Launched from Kennedy Space Center on April 4, 1983, the mission deployed the first Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, TDRS-1, into orbit, before landing at Edwards Air Force Base on April 9, 1983. STS-6 was the first Space Shuttle mission during which a Extravehicular activity was conducted, and hence was the first in which the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) was used.

    1. ^ "SATCAT". Jonathan's Space Report. January 6, 2022. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
     
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    5 April 1994 – American musician Kurt Cobain commits suicide.

    Death of Kurt Cobain

     
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    6 April 1712 – The New York Slave Revolt of 1712 begins near Broadway.

    New York Slave Revolt of 1712

    The New York Slave Revolt of 1712 was an uprising in New York City, in the Province of New York, of 23 Black slaves. They killed nine whites and injured another six before they were stopped. More than 70 black people were arrested and jailed. Of these, 27 were put on trial, and 21 convicted and executed.

     
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    7 April 1906 – Mount Vesuvius erupts and devastates Naples.

    Mount Vesuvius

    Mount Vesuvius (/vɪˈsviəs/ viss-OO-vee-əs)[a] is a somma-stratovolcano located on the Gulf of Naples in Campania, Italy, about 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Naples and a short distance from the shore. It is one of several volcanoes forming the Campanian volcanic arc. Vesuvius consists of a large cone partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit caldera, resulting from the collapse of an earlier, much higher structure.

    The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD destroyed the Roman cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis, Stabiae, and several other settlements. The eruption ejected a cloud of stones, ashes and volcanic gases to a height of 33 km (21 mi), erupting molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of 6×105 cubic metres (7.8×105 cu yd) per second.[5] More than 1,000 people are thought to have died in the eruption, though the exact toll is unknown. The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger to the historian Tacitus.[6]

    Vesuvius has erupted many times since. It is the only volcano on Europe's mainland to have erupted in the last hundred years. It is regarded as one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world because 3,000,000 people live near enough to be affected by an eruption, with at least 600,000 in the danger zone. This is the most densely populated volcanic region in the world. Eruptions tend to be violent and explosive; these are known as Plinian eruptions.[7]

    1. ^ "Vesuvio nell'Enciclopedia Treccani". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 7 February 2021.
    2. ^ Grasso, Alfonso, ed. (2007). "Il Vesuvio" [Vesuvius]. ilportaledelsud.org (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2021.
    3. ^ Castiglioni, Luigi; Mariotti, Scevola (2007). Vocabolario della lingua latina : IL : latino-italiano, italiano-latino / Luigi Castiglioni, Scevola Mariotti ; redatto con la collaborazione di Arturo Brambilla e Gaspare Campagna (in Italian) (4th ed.). Loescher. p. 1505. ISBN 978-8820166601.
    4. ^ "Vesuvio o Vesevius nell'Enciclopedia Treccani". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2021.
    5. ^ Woods, Andrew W. (2013). "Sustained explosive activity: volcanic eruption columns and hawaiian fountains". In Fagents, Sarah A.; Gregg, Tracy K. P.; Lopes, Rosaly M. C. (eds.). Modeling Volcanic Processes: The Physics and Mathematics of Volcanism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0521895439.
    6. ^ Cite error: The named reference epistularum was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    7. ^ McGuire, Bill (16 October 2003). "In the shadow of the volcano". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 May 2010.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
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    8 April 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids.

    Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul

     
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    9 April 1241 – Battle of Liegnitz: Mongol forces defeat the Polish and German armies.

    Battle of Legnica


    The Battle of Legnica (Polish: bitwa pod Legnicą), also known as the Battle of Liegnitz (German: Schlacht von Liegnitz) or Battle of Wahlstatt (German: Schlacht bei Wahlstatt), was a battle between the Mongol Empire and combined European forces that took place at the village of Legnickie Pole (Wahlstatt), approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) southeast of the city of Legnica in the Duchy of Silesia on 9 April 1241.[7]: 97–99 

    A combined force of Poles and Moravians under the command of Duke Henry II the Pious of Silesia, supported by feudal nobility and a few knights from military orders sent by Pope Gregory IX, attempted to halt the Mongol invasion of Poland. The battle took place two days before the Mongol victory over the Hungarians at the much larger Battle of Mohi.

    1. ^ a b John France. Journal of Medieval Military History, Volume 8. Page 115. Article: "Numbers in Mongol Warfare", by Carl Sverdrup. Published 18 November 2010. ISBN 9781843835967
    2. ^ Tartar Relation, Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, ~1248. Page 80.
    3. ^ Jerzy Maroń. Koczownicy i rycerze. Najazd Mongołów na Polskę w 1241 roku na tle sztuki wojennej Europy XII i XIII wieku. Oficyna Wydawnicza Arboretum. Wrocław. 2001. ISBN 978-83-932793-2-6
    4. ^ Maroń's total includes 250 knights from Silesia, 36 Templar knights, 10 knights from Lesser and Greater Poland, 10 'guest' knights, and a handful heavy cavalry mercenaries
    5. ^ Wacław Korta. Najazd Mongołów na Polskę i jego legnicki epilog. Śląski Instytut Naukowy. Katowice. 1983. ISBN 83-00-00646-X
    6. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Burzyński, p. 24 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    7. ^ Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's horsemen : the Mongol invasion of Europe (1st ed.). New York: Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-10942-3. OCLC 4504684.
     
  40. Admin2

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    10 April 1925 – The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is first published in New York City, by Charles Scribner's Sons.

    The Great Gatsby

    The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel by American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald. Set in the Jazz Age on Long Island, near New York City, the novel depicts first-person narrator Nick Carraway's interactions with mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and Gatsby's obsession to reunite with his former lover, Daisy Buchanan.

    The novel was inspired by a youthful romance Fitzgerald had with socialite Ginevra King, and the riotous parties he attended on Long Island's North Shore in 1922. Following a move to the French Riviera, Fitzgerald completed a rough draft of the novel in 1924. He submitted it to editor Maxwell Perkins, who persuaded Fitzgerald to revise the work over the following winter. After making revisions, Fitzgerald was satisfied with the text, but remained ambivalent about the book's title and considered several alternatives. Painter Francis Cugat's dust jacket art greatly impressed Fitzgerald, and he incorporated its imagery into the novel.

    After its publication by Scribner's in April 1925, The Great Gatsby received generally favorable reviews, though some literary critics believed it did not equal Fitzgerald's previous efforts. Compared to his earlier novels, This Side of Paradise (1920) and The Beautiful and Damned (1922), the novel was a commercial disappointment. It sold fewer than 20,000 copies by October, and Fitzgerald's hopes of a monetary windfall from the novel were unrealized. When the author died in 1940, he believed himself to be a failure and his work forgotten.

    During World War II, the novel experienced an abrupt surge in popularity when the Council on Books in Wartime distributed free copies to American soldiers serving overseas. This new-found popularity launched a critical and scholarly re-examination, and the work soon became a core part of most American high school curricula and a part of American popular culture. Numerous stage and film adaptations followed in the subsequent decades.

    Gatsby continues to attract popular and scholarly attention. Scholars emphasize the novel's treatment of social class, inherited versus self-made wealth, gender, race, and environmentalism, and its cynical attitude towards the American Dream. The Great Gatsby is widely considered to be a literary masterpiece and a contender for the title of the Great American Novel.

     

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